| 宜城教育资源网www.ychedu.com 限定性定语与非限定性定语的区别
1、形式不同:限定性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开,口语中使用时也不停顿;而非限定性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开,口语中使用时有停顿。
2、功能不同: 限定性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别,如果去掉,就会造成句意不完整或概念不清;而非限定性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用,如果省略,句意仍然清楚、完整:
3、翻译不同:在翻译定语从句时,一般把限定性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前,而把非限定性定语从句与主句分开。
4、先行词不同限定性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词,而非限定性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词,也可以是短语或句子;另外,当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时,通常要用非限制性定语从句,而不用限制性定语从句。
5、关系词不同:关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中,通常不用于非限制性定语从句;另外,在限制性定语从句中,关系词有时可以省略,而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不省略。
· 限制性定语从句的概念:
限制性定语是指对被修饰名词或代词的必需修饰,是被修饰名词或代词不可缺少的修饰语,如果去掉它句子意思往往会不明确或会发生变化。 如:The travellers knowing about the floods took another road. 知道发大水的那些游客改道走了。 The boys wanting to play football were disappointed when it rained. 想踢足球的那些男孩子因为下雨而感到失望。
· 关系代词引导的定语从句:
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1)who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下: 例:Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语) He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语) 2)Whose用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同ofwhich互换) 例:They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose(of which) coverisgreen. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。 3)which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。 例如:A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which/that在句中作宾语) The package(which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which/that在句中作宾语)
关系副词引导的定语从句:
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。 1)when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构,因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用。 例如:There are occasions when(on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where(inwhich) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why(for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗? 2)that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+which”引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略, 例如:His father died the year(that/when/in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place(that/where/in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
· 判断关系代词与关系副词方法:
一:用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。 例如:This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you. 判断改错 (错)This is the mountain village where I visited last year. (错)I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. (对)This is the mountain village(which) I visited last year. (对)I'll never forget the days(which) I spent in the countryside. 注:习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 二:准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held. A. where B. that C.on which D. the one 答案:例1:D,例2:A 例1变为肯定句:This museum is___ you visited a few days ago. 例2变为肯定句:This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held. 注:在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D。 而句2中,主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因in the museum词组,可用介词in+which引导地点状语。 而此题中,介词on用的不对,所以选A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose); 先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词(where地点状语,when时间状语,why原因状语)。
· 定语从句知识体系:
· 关系代词that的用法:
1)不用that的情况: a)在引导非限定性定语从句时。 如:(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b)介词后不能用: 如:We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. 2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a)在there be句型中,只用that,不用which。 b)在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。 c)先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that。 d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。. e)先行词既有人,又有物时。 例:All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。 Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。
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